IN THE Supreme court OF new Zealand

I TE KŌTI MANA NUI	
 SC 41/2019
 [2020] NZSC 83	

	
BETWEEN	
NEW ZEALAND LAW SOCIETY
Appellant	
	
AND	
JOHN LLEWELLYN STANLEY
Respondent

Hearing:	
23 April 2020	

Court:	
Winkelmann CJ, William Young, Glazebrook, O’Regan and 
Ellen France JJ	

Counsel:	
P N Collins for Appellant
J C Gwilliam and H Joubert for Respondent 	

Judgment:	
17 August 2020 	

JUDGMENT OF THE COURT

	A	The appeal is dismissed.

	B	Costs are reserved.
____________________________________________________________________

REASONS

	Para No	
William Young, O’Regan and Ellen France JJ 	[1]	
Winkelmann CJ and Glazebrook J	[101]	

WILLIAM YOUNG, O’REGAN AND ELLEN FRANCE JJ
(Given by Ellen France J)

Table of Contents

	Para No	
Introduction 	[1]	
The statutory scheme	[5]	
The position in comparable jurisdictions	[22]	
  England and Wales	[23]	
  Australia	[27]	
  Canada	[28]	
The authorities 	[29]	
  New Zealand 	[30]	
  Comparable jurisdictions	[31] 	
The approach to be taken to the fit and proper person standard 	[35]	
Summary	[54]	
Factual background	[56]	
The judgments in the Courts below	[62]	
  The High Court	[62]	
  The Court of Appeal 	[65]	
Our assessment 	[68]	
Effect of admission 	[87]	
Result	[99]	
Introduction 
[1]	Mr Stanley, the respondent, completed the necessary academic and professional qualifications for admission as a barrister and solicitor of the High Court as a mature student.  (He is now 67 years of age.)  The New Zealand Law Society (the Law Society), the appellant, refused to give him a certificate of character essentially because of concerns about his character.  Those concerns relate to his history of criminal offending, which includes four convictions for driving with excess breath/blood alcohol, and his attitude towards that offending.  Without a certificate of character from the Law Society, Mr Stanley could not be admitted in the usual way.  Instead, the matter proceeded to a contested hearing in the High Court.  Subsequently, Clark J concluded that Mr Stanley was not a fit and proper person to be admitted in terms of the Lawyers and Conveyancers Act 2006 (the Act) and refused his application.
[2]	Mr Stanley appealed successfully from this decision to the Court of Appeal.  The Court of Appeal concluded that, subject to Mr Stanley taking the statutory oath, he was entitled to an order admitting him as a barrister and solicitor of the High Court.  The Law Society unsuccessfully sought a stay of the Court of Appeal judgment.  Mr Stanley has now been admitted as a barrister and solicitor and has been issued with a practising certificate.
[3]	The Law Society appeals with the leave of this Court from the decision of the Court of Appeal determining that Mr Stanley was a fit and proper person.  The appeal raises questions about the approach to be taken to s 55 of the Act.  Section 55 provides that for the purpose of determining whether or not an applicant for admission is a “fit and proper person” to be admitted, the High Court or the Law Society “may take into account any matters it considers relevant and, in particular, may take into account” any of the matters listed in s 55(1).  Those factors relevantly include the following:
(a)	whether the person is of good character:
…
(c)	whether the person has been convicted of an offence in New Zealand or a foreign country; and, if so,—
	(i)	the nature of the offence; and
	(ii)	the time that has elapsed since the offence was committed; and
	(iii)	the person’s age when the offence was committed:
…
[4]	To determine the appeal it is necessary to consider three questions.  The first question is the approach to be taken to the fit and proper person standard in s 55(1) where the applicant for admission has previous convictions.  That will require consideration of the statutory scheme and the way in which it has been interpreted to date.  The second question is how the principles apply to Mr Stanley.  The remaining question is whether (and, if so, how) Mr Stanley’s name could be removed from the roll of barristers and solicitors should the appeal be allowed.  
The statutory scheme
[5]	The legislative history of the discipline of the legal profession, the establishment of the Law Society and the Society’s role in professional discipline is discussed in some detail by McGrath J in Auckland District Law Society v B.  For present purposes it is sufficient to note that two aspects common to professional discipline generally, that is, controls on those who wish to enter the profession and on the conduct of those within the profession, have been reflected in New Zealand law governing the legal profession since the Supreme Court Ordinances of 1841 and 1844.  
[6]	A wide range of professions have good character and competence requirements for entry.  The content of those requirements may vary according to the profession.  In terms of lawyers in New Zealand, the content of the fit and proper person and good character requirements needs to be considered in light of the statutory scheme.  The purposes of the Act provide the starting point.  The relevant purposes are set out in s 3(1) as follows:
(a)	to maintain public confidence in the provision of legal services … :
(b)	to protect the consumers of legal services … :
(c)	to recognise the status of the legal profession … .
[7]	Section 3(2) provides that in order to attain those purposes, the Act, amongst other things, reformed the law relating to lawyers and provided for a “more responsive regulatory regime” for lawyers.  To achieve the purposes, the Act also prescribes the “fundamental obligations with which, in the public interest, all lawyers … must comply in providing regulated services”.  These fundamental obligations are set out in s 4 and include the following:
(a)	the obligation to uphold the rule of law and to facilitate the administration of justice in New Zealand:
…
(c)	the obligation to act in accordance with all fiduciary duties and duties of care owed by lawyers to their clients:
(d)	the obligation to protect, subject to his or her overriding duties as an officer of the High Court and to his or her duties under any enactment, the interests of his or her clients.
[8]	The requirements for the admission and enrolment of barristers and solicitors in New Zealand are set out in Part 3 of the Act.  Under s 48(1), every person admitted by the High Court under the Act “must be admitted as a barrister and solicitor”.  Once admitted, every person so admitted is generally entitled “while his or her qualification continues, to practise in or before any court or tribunal”.
[9]	Section 49 sets out the qualifications for admission as a barrister and solicitor.  Section 49(1) provides that a person qualifies for admission if the person is in at least one of the categories in the section.  Relevantly, s 49(2) provides that the first category comprises those persons who:
(a)	have all the qualifications for admission prescribed or required by the New Zealand Council of Legal Education; and
(b)	are fit and proper persons to be admitted as barristers and solicitors of the High Court; and
(c)	meet the criteria prescribed by rules made under section 54.[]
[10]	A certificate of character from the Law Society is evidence the applicant is a fit and proper person.  Section 51 provides that:
A certificate purporting to be signed by the executive director of the New Zealand Law Society, or a person authorised for the purpose, … by the Council of the New Zealand Law Society, and certifying that [an applicant] is both a fit and proper person to be admitted as a barrister and solicitor of the High Court and a person who meets the criteria prescribed by rules made under section 54 is, in the absence of proof to the contrary, sufficient evidence of those facts.
[11]	If a person wishes to be admitted on the grounds that he or she is qualified under the first category described in s 49(2), the applicant must apply to the High Court in accordance with the Act and any rules made under the Act.  Section 52(2) provides that the High Court must make an order admitting the person as a barrister and solicitor if:
(a)	the High Court is satisfied that the [applicant] is qualified for admission under section 49(2) …; and
(b)	the [applicant] has taken the [oath in the prescribed form].  
[12]	In this case the key section is s 55 which is headed “Fit and proper person”.  Section 55(1) provides that:
For the purpose of determining whether or not a person is a fit and proper person to be admitted as a barrister and solicitor of the High Court, the High Court or the New Zealand Law Society may take into account any matters it considers relevant and, in particular, may take into account any of the following matters: 
(a)	whether the person is of good character:
(b)	whether the person has, at any time, been declared bankrupt or been a director of a company that has been put into receivership or liquidation:
(c)	whether the person has been convicted of an offence in New Zealand or a foreign country; and, if so—
(i)	the nature of the offence; and
(ii)	the time that has elapsed since the offence was committed; and
(iii)	the person’s age when the offence was committed:
(d)	whether the person has engaged in legal practice in New Zealand when not admitted under this Act or a corresponding law, or not holding an appropriate New Zealand practising certificate, as required by law:
(e)	whether the person has practised law in a foreign country—
(i)	when not permitted by or under the law of that country to do so; or 
(ii)	if permitted to do so, in contravention of a condition of the permission:
(f)	whether the person is subject to—
(i)	an unresolved complaint under a corresponding foreign law; or 
(ii)	a current investigation, charge, or order by a regulatory or disciplinary body for persons engaging in legal practice under a corresponding foreign law:
(g)	whether the person—
	(i)	is a subject of current disciplinary action in another profession or occupation in New Zealand or a foreign country; or
	(ii)	has been the subject of disciplinary action of that kind that has involved a finding of guilty, however expressed:
(h)	whether the person’s name has been removed from a foreign roll, and that person’s name has not been restored:
(i)	whether the person’s right of practice as a lawyer has been cancelled or suspended in a foreign country:
(j)	whether the person has contravened, in New Zealand or a foreign country, a law about trust money or a trust account:
(k)	whether the person is subject to an order under this Act or a corresponding law disqualifying the person from being employed by, or a partner of, a lawyer or an incorporated law firm:
(l)	whether, because of a mental or physical condition, the person is unable to perform the functions required for the practice of the law.
[13]	Under the previous legislative regime, the Law Practitioners Act 1982 and the Rules made under that Act, every applicant for admission was required to show evidence of good character “and” evidence that the applicant was a fit and proper person.  Those requirements were treated as “discrete and conjunctive requirements for admission”.  Under the current Act, good character is a subset of the fit and proper person standard.  As Wylie J said in Brown v New Zealand Law Society, “it is possible that a person could be of good character but not fit and proper for unrelated reasons”.
[14]	Section 55(2) makes it clear that either the Court or the Law Society may decide that a person is fit and proper even though that person falls within any of the categories mentioned in any of the paragraphs in s 55(1) or does not meet all of the criteria prescribed by rules made under s 54.  Finally, s 55(3) also expressly provides that s 55(1) does not limit the grounds on which it may be “determined that [an applicant] is not a fit and proper person” or the criteria that may be prescribed by rules made under s 54.  The inquiry is not constrained in the sense that factors other than the listed matters may be considered.  The section is a guide.  
[15]	Under s 56 of the Act, the Registrar must maintain a roll of barristers and solicitors.  Once the High Court makes an order admitting any person as a barrister and solicitor, and on payment of the relevant admission fee, the Registrar “must place that person’s name on the roll”.
[16]	The Law Society’s functions include controlling and regulating the practice in New Zealand by barristers and solicitors of the profession of law and upholding the fundamental obligations imposed on lawyers who provide regulated services in New Zealand.  The functions also include assisting and promoting, “for the purpose of upholding the rule of law and facilitating the administration of justice in New Zealand, the reform of the law”.  Under s 67(2)(d) the Law Society is expressly given the power to “oppose any application made for admission as a barrister and solicitor, or any other application made under [the] Act”.
[17]	Section 94 requires the Law Society to have practice rules providing for specified matters which include “(a) the criteria for eligibility for a practising certificate”, “(e) standards of professional conduct and client care”, and “(o) the kinds of conduct, including criminal offences, for which a practitioner or former practitioner may be disciplined”.  The Law Society must, in exercising the powers under s 94(e), have rules for a code of professional conduct and client care as a “reference point for discipline”. 
[18]	Finally, reference should be made to the Lawyers and Conveyancers Act (Lawyers: Admission) Rules 2008 which are made pursuant to s 54.  Section 54(1) provides for rules to be made as to the evidence of the qualifications, character, and fitness of applicants, and “generally in respect of any matter relating to the admission of [applicants] as barristers and solicitors”.  Section 54(2) states that the rules may prescribe “non-educational criteria” which “may preclude the admission of a person who has, at any time, been convicted of an offence of a kind or class specified in rules made under this section or who has, at any time, been declared bankrupt”.  The present Rules do not prescribe any such criteria.
[19]	Under r 5(1) of these Rules, a person in Mr Stanley’s position is required to apply to the New Zealand Council of Legal Education for a certificate of completion and to the Law Society for a certificate of character.  These documents are then exhibited to the affidavit in support of the application for admission required to be filed by r 5(2).  We interpolate here that in this case the Society delegated the decision as to whether or not to issue a certificate of character to its Practice Approval Committee.  This Committee has delegated authority from the Board of the Law Society to deal with non‑standard practice approval matters.  
[20]	Rule 6 addresses the situation in which Mr Stanley found himself when the Law Society declined to provide a certificate of character.  In that situation, the applicant for admission must serve a copy of their application on the Law Society within two days of filing it in the High Court.  Under r 6(4)(a), the Law Society must, within 21 days of receipt, serve on the applicant a notice of opposition setting out the grounds on which the application is opposed together with any affidavits in support.  Rule 6(4)(b) provides that the applicant’s application “must be determined at a hearing” at which the Law Society must be represented.  
[21]	Rule 8(1) provides for every application for admission to be determined by a High Court judge.
The position in comparable jurisdictions
[22]	In England and Wales, Australia and Canada there are similar “fit and proper person” and/or “good character” requirements for entry to the legal profession.  
England and Wales
[23]	In England and Wales, a certificate of “character and suitability” is a prerequisite to becoming a solicitor.  Character and suitability is assessed by the Solicitors Regulation Authority (SRA), which is the approved regulator for solicitors under the Legal Services Act 2007 (UK).  The phrase “character and suitability” replaced the previous requirement of “moral fitness”; an example of more modern language.  
[24]	In assessing character and suitability, the SRA takes into account:
(a)	the “overriding need” to “protect the public and the public interest” and “maintain public trust and confidence in the solicitors’ profession and in legal services provided by authorised persons”; and
(b)	the nature of the individual’s role and individual circumstances on a case by case basis.
[25]	The SRA Assessment of Character and Suitability Rules also provide that the SRA will consider criminal conduct when assessing character and suitability.  This is subject to legislation equating to New Zealand’s Criminal Records (Clean Slate) Act 2004 (the Clean Slate legislation), although convictions and cautions which are “spent” in the terms of the equivalent legislation must, with some exceptions, be disclosed to the SRA.  The SRA also bears in mind “the public interest in supporting the rehabilitation of offenders”.  Criminal conduct is assessed in accordance with a table in the Rules which sets out a non-exhaustive list of types of offending categorised as “most serious”, which is “likely to result in refusal”, and “serious”, which “may result in refusal”.  Finally, the Rules set out a non-exhaustive list of aggravating and mitigating factors informing the character and suitability assessment.  For example, the absence of evidence of successful rehabilitation is an aggravating factor, while the converse, evidence of successful rehabilitation, is a mitigating factor.
[26]	Similarly, those who wish to become barristers must pass a “fit and proper person” check.  The test for determining fitness and propriety is whether the applicant is “capable of upholding the Core Duties which underpin the behaviour expected of barristers”.  The purpose of the inquiry is to ensure public confidence in, and maintain the reputation of, the profession.  Applicants are required to disclose, amongst other things, “any spent or unspent convictions, cautions, or final warnings … save those which are ‘protected’ by law [or ‘filtered’ by the Disclosure and Barring Service]”.  Such disclosure will not automatically result in an application being refused.  Rather, the type of offence, the sentence imposed and the length of time since the sentence ended must be considered.  Other factors that may be considered include the applicant’s age at the time of offending, whether there is a pattern of offending, whether the offending was linked to professional practice, whether the use of drugs or alcohol was a factor, the applicant’s attitude towards the events, and evidence of rehabilitation.
Australia
[27]	In Australia, one of the requirements for admission is that the person is a fit and proper person to be admitted to the legal profession.  Apart from South Australia, legislation or rules in the other Australian jurisdictions list “suitability matters” for the decision maker to consider in determining whether the person is a fit and proper person.  The suitability matters are similar to the considerations in s 55(1) of the New Zealand Act, including the consideration of “good fame and character”, whether there have been past convictions and, in the event there have been past convictions, the nature of the offending, the time that has lapsed since the offending and the applicant’s age when the offence was committed.
Canada
[28]	In Canada, law societies must ensure that applicants for admission are of good character and reputation.  The terminology commonly used is “good character and reputation” or “good moral character”.  There is also some reference to the “fit and proper person” standard.  In Saskatchewan, “suitability to practise” is defined as “honesty, governability, financial responsibility and respect for the rule of law and the administration of justice”.
The authorities
[29]	The principles applicable to deciding whether an applicant is a fit and proper person or similar standards have been considered in numerous cases in New Zealand and in comparable jurisdictions.  There is no controversy as to those principles and so no need to undertake an historic review of those cases.  Relevant principles emerging from the cases will be canvassed in the course of the discussion which follows and it suffices at this point simply to briefly summarise the approach taken.
New Zealand
[30]	Lincoln v New Zealand Law Society provides a recent illustration of the approach taken to the assessment of the fit and proper person standard in the New Zealand authorities.  The Court of Appeal in that case summarised the approach in this way:
(a)	The Court should not lightly prevent [an applicant] being admitted when they have achieved the qualifications prescribed by the New Zealand Council for Legal Education.
(b)	[An applicant] for admission is not to be punished for past wrongdoing.
(c)	An assessment of the [applicant’s] fitness to be admitted as a barrister and solicitor must focus on protecting the public and the profession.[]
(d)	The assessment must be prospective.  It requires an evaluation of the [applicant] at the time of their application and the risks, if any, they pose in the future to society and the profession’s reputation.
(e)	The concept of a fit and proper person incorporates standards of integrity, and “moral rectitude of character”.
(f)	Where [an applicant] has been involved in some past indiscretion the Court must be satisfied that the “frailty or defect of character” indicated by the earlier behaviour can be safely regarded as “spent”.
(g)	The Court is required to make an objective judgement based on all relevant evidence when assessing the ability of the [applicant] to comply with the fundamental obligations imposed upon all lawyers.[]
(footnotes omitted)
Comparable jurisdictions
[31]	The approach taken in the authorities for England and Wales is illustrated by Jideofo v The Law Society, which in turn derived the relevant principles from the leading authority in the context of post-admission conduct of Bolton v Law Society:
(i)	… the test of character and suitability is a necessarily high test;
(ii)	… the character and suitability test is not concerned with ‘punishment’, ‘reward’ or ‘redemption’, but with whether there is a risk to the public or a risk that there may be damage to the reputation of the profession; and 
(iii)	… no one has the right to be admitted as a solicitor and it is for the applicant to discharge the burden of satisfying the test of character and suitability.
[32]	As in New Zealand, the two regulatory objectives are of protecting the public and maintaining the reputation of the profession in order to maintain public confidence in the profession.
[33]	There is also no significant difference in approach in either Australia or Canada.  Relevantly, there is much the same focus on the particular requirements of the legal profession and a concern as to whether the applicant has the necessary “[q]ualities of honesty and integrity and a preparedness to comply with the law”.  
[34]	We turn now to the approach to be taken to the fit and proper person standard with particular reference to issues arising from past convictions.  This discussion draws on the existing body of cases.  Those cases include a number of the earlier authorities which, despite the passage of time and legislative changes, remain relevant, although some of the language can helpfully be modernised.  
The approach to be taken to the fit and proper person standard
[35]	The first point to note is the obvious one.  That is, the fit and proper person standard has to be interpreted in light of the purposes of the Act.  Those purposes broadly reflect two aspects.  The first aspect is the need to protect the public, in particular by ensuring that those whose admission is approved can be entrusted with their clients’ business and fulfil the fundamental obligations in s 4 of the Act.  The second aspect is a reputational aspect reflecting the need to maintain the public confidence in the profession at the present time and in the future.  This second aspect also encompasses relationships between practising lawyers and between lawyers and the court.  
[36]	While some of the language is outdated, the essence of the first aspect is reflected in the judgment of Skerrett CJ in Re Lundon:
The relations between a solicitor and his client are so close and confidential, and the influence acquired over the client is so great, and so open to abuse, that the Court ought to be satisfied that the person applying for admission is possessed of such integrity and moral rectitude of character that he may be safely accredited by the Court to the public to be entrusted with their business and private affairs.
[37]	The observations of Kitto J in Ziems v The Prothonotary of the Supreme Court of New South Wales to similar effect also remain pertinent today.  With reference to Ziems, Spigelman CJ in a more recent judgment of the New South Wales Court of Appeal described “four interrelated interests” as follows:
Clients must feel secure in confiding their secrets and entrusting their most personal affairs to lawyers.  Fellow practitioners must be able to depend implicitly on the word and the behaviour of their colleagues.  The judiciary must have confidence in those who appear before the courts.  The public must have confidence in the legal profession by reason of the central role the profession plays in the administration of justice.  Many aspects of the administration of justice depend on the trust by the judiciary and/or the public in the performance of professional obligations by professional people. 
[38]	The second point is that the fit and proper person evaluation is a forward looking exercise.  That is because the Court or the Law Society, as the decision maker, is required to make a judgement at the time of undertaking the evaluation as to the risks either to the public or of damage to the reputation of the profession if the applicant is admitted.  Those risks have to be construed in light of the fundamental obligations on lawyers discussed above.  Of particular relevance here are the obligations to uphold the rule of law and to protect the interests of the client subject to duties as an officer of the Court or under any other enactment.  
[39]	The evaluation is often described as objective.  By this, the authorities simply mean that it is necessary to focus on the relevance of the past conduct vis-à-vis the professional standards, rather than being influenced by sympathy for the position of the applicant.  Dixon J in Re Davis put it in this way:
… though concern for an individual who is overtaken by the consequences of past wrongdoing is a very proper human feeling, it is no reason whatever for impairing in his interests the standards of a profession which plays so indispensable a part in the administration of justice.
[40]	The evaluation is accordingly a protective exercise focussed on either the need for public protection or the maintenance of public confidence in the profession.  The approach is not punitive.  The High Court in Re M adopted the words used in Incorporated Law Institute of New South Wales v Meagher and said that the question is as to the applicant’s “worthiness and reliability for the future”.  Further, as Lady Arden observed in Layne, what comprises fitness to practise must be referable to the good character appropriate to the particular profession.  For an applicant for admission to the legal profession, as the authorities state, the appropriate aspects of the fit and proper person standard are whether the applicant is honest, trustworthy and a person of integrity.  
[41]	When assessing the effect of prior convictions in this context, the Act indicates three aspects of previous convictions may be relevant.  Those aspects are the nature of the offence, the time that has elapsed since the offending, and the applicant’s age when the offence was committed.  
[42]	The nature of the offence is an important consideration.  Some convictions will inevitably be problematic by their very nature.  Dishonesty offences are in that category because of the direct connection with legal practice.  Offending involving a failure to comply with disclosure obligations is treated in a similar way.  Very serious prior convictions, such as murder, pose their own issues.
[43]	Some convictions will be in the trivial category or, anticipating the second and third factors referred to in s 55(1)(c)(ii) and (iii), be so dated as to lose any significance or reflect youthful immaturity.  Further, the Clean Slate legislation is also relevant and provides “an appropriate register of the preparedness of the community to put prior criminal behaviour into the past finally”.
[44]	Other offending will not fit into any of the categories discussed so far but will require further inquiry.  
[45]	In the authorities, the inquiry into the effect of prior convictions has been expressed as an inquiry into whether the “frailties” or “defects of character” reflected by the previous convictions can now be regarded as “entirely spent” or “safely ignored”.  Updating that language, the decision maker is essentially trying to assess whether the convictions remain relevant to whether the applicant meets the fit and proper person standard and, if so, to what extent the conduct remains relevant at the time of the current inquiry.  The inquiry into relevance will commonly require consideration of the circumstances of the offending and of whether the applicant can be seen to have moved on in the sense of being either reformed or having undertaken steps towards rehabilitation.  Alternatively, there may be other features of character which mean that the convictions should assume less relevance.  That it is not always easy to draw the line emphasises the fact‑specific nature of the inquiry.
[46]	Expanding upon that last point, not a great deal can be drawn from the authorities on the approach to excess breath/blood alcohol offending.  That reflects, at least in part, the fact-specific nature of the assessment and the need to consider the evidence in the round.  
[47]	Two examples, both from Australia, suffice to illustrate the sorts of issues that may arise and the approach taken.  The appellant in Ziems was removed from the roll following a conviction for manslaughter.  The case at his criminal trial was that the accident resulting in the death of the victim had occurred as a result of the appellant driving whilst under the influence of alcohol.  The appeal against removal from the roll was allowed by a majority of the High Court of Australia and an order for suspension substituted.  For the majority, the offending was not seen as decisive.  What was necessary was to assess the nature and quality of the conduct and how it was relevant to the practice of the law.  For example, Kitto J in his reasons made the point that the conviction was for a serious offence but the ground for treating it as serious was not one going to “the propriety of the barrister’s continuing a member of his profession”.  It was an isolated incident, not involving a premeditated crime, and had “neither connexion with nor significance for any professional function”. 
[48]	More recently, in a case involving an application for removal from the roll following conviction for supplying drugs, the Queensland Court of Appeal also saw the offending conduct as different from that directly relating to the conduct of the profession.  The Court noted that Ziems emphasised the “need for conduct revealing the character of the practitioner to be of a kind that threatens the professional function of the practitioner”.  The Court also suggested that the same result might not necessarily follow now if the facts in Ziems were repeated given the emergence of “a more marked attitude of public disapproval of drink driving”.  
[49]	It is clear from the cases both here and in the comparable jurisdictions we have discussed that a highly influential factor in determining whether a person is a fit and proper person given prior convictions is evidence as to rehabilitation and as to insight into the offending.  It is sufficient to refer to two cases, one from New Zealand and one from Canada, to illustrate the point.  
[50]	The applicant in Re Owen had a long history of criminal offending from a young age.  The offending included convictions for theft, burglary, wilfully setting fire to property, drug possession and driving offences.  The Court saw the burglary convictions as particularly relevant, given the importance of honesty to legal practice.  Despite the offending having “the hallmarks of outright dishonesty”, the Court was satisfied that the applicant had “achieved such a complete turnaround, or reformation, that the convictions … [could] be safely ignored”.  After completing a law degree the applicant had utilised his legal skills by working at the community legal centre and as an employment advocate.  He also stopped abusing drugs and alcohol.  This evidence of complete reformation was corroborated by positive character references, and satisfied the Court that the applicant was now of good character and a fit and proper person to be admitted.
[51]	In Canada, the applicant in Law Society of Upper Canada v Schuchert had a number of criminal convictions including convictions for damaging property, breaking and entering, theft and welfare fraud.  He also had a long history of drug and alcohol abuse which in part coincided with his criminal offending.  After a conviction in 1984, the applicant was medically treated for his drug and alcohol dependencies and had been sober and drug-free since 1984.  His offending continued past that date and he was dealing with other ongoing difficult issues in his personal life.  In deciding to admit him, the Hearing Panel pointed to his “full and frank” self-reporting without attempting to understate or minimise the severity of his offending, character evidence, and the lapse of 12 years since his last offending.  Ultimately, the Panel was satisfied that the applicant’s criminal convictions “were in a different life”, noting that he had “turned the corner … rehabilitated himself and … shown that he [was] now a person of good character”.
[52]	Further, because of the focus on the potential risk to the public and to the public confidence in the profession, the fit and proper person standard is necessarily a high one.  But the Court should not lightly deprive someone who has otherwise met the qualifications of the opportunity of practising as a lawyer.  Perfection is not required.  
[53]	Finally, the onus is on the applicant to show that he or she is a fit and proper person, although questions of onus are not generally going to feature largely.  It is also accepted in the authorities that the onus on the person who has “erred in a professional sense” after admission “is a heavier one than that upon [an applicant] for admission”.    
Summary
[54]	From this discussion, the relevant principles can be summarised in this way:
(a)	The purpose of the fit and proper person standard is to ensure that those admitted to the profession are persons who can be entrusted to meet the duties and obligations imposed on those who practise as lawyers.
(b)	Reflecting the statutory scheme, the assessment focusses on the need to protect the public and to maintain public confidence in the profession.
(c)	The evaluation of whether an applicant meets the standard is a forward looking exercise.  The Court must assess at the time of the application the risk of future misconduct or of harm to the profession.  The evaluation is accordingly a protective one.  Punishment for past conduct has no place.
(d)	The concept of a fit and proper person in s 55 involves consideration of whether the applicant is honest, trustworthy and a person of integrity.
(e)	When assessing past convictions, the Court must consider whether that past conduct remains relevant.  The inquiry is a fact-specific one and the Court must look at all of the evidence in the round and make a judgement as to the present ability of the applicant to meet his or her duties and obligations as a lawyer.
(f)	The fit and proper person standard is necessarily a high one, although the Court should not lightly deprive someone who is otherwise qualified from the opportunity to practise law.  
(g)	Finally, the onus of showing that the standard is met is on the applicant.  Applications are unlikely to turn on fine questions of onus.
[55]	The next question is whether, measured against these principles, the Court of Appeal was correct to determine Mr Stanley was a fit and proper person to be admitted.  
Factual background
[56]	The relevant facts are set out in the High Court judgment.  For the purposes of this appeal the following are the key points.
[57]	In his application of 8 February 2017 to the Law Society for a certificate of character, Mr Stanley disclosed, as required, that he had relevant criminal convictions and noted “Car EBA”.  The record of criminal convictions Mr Stanley subsequently provided to the Law Society is as follows:
20 March 1978	Driving with excess blood alcohol level 	Disqualification from driving; fine	
31 August 1988	Drove a motor vehicle at a dangerous speed	Disqualification from driving; fine	
19 November 1991	Operated a vehicle carelessly	Fine 	
23 January 2002	Drove with excess blood alcohol content	Fine	
12 September 2007	Drove with excess breath alcohol – 3rd or subsequent	Special circumstances found – no disqualification; fine	
6 December 2013	Failed to stop when followed by red/blue flashing lights	Fine	
9 May 2014	Drove with excess blood alcohol – 3rd or subsequent 	Disqualification from driving; fine 	
[58]	The Law Society sought and was provided further information by way of explanation from Mr Stanley about his convictions.  Mr Stanley was then interviewed by the President and Vice‑President of the Wellington Branch of the Law Society.  In the interview, Mr Stanley expressed his regret for his offending and told the interviewers he had been diagnosed as having early indications of an alcohol dependency but had responded by “curtailing” his drinking.  He also said that following heart surgery he would be putting his health at risk if he were to drink too much.
[59]	The interviewers were not satisfied as to Mr Stanley’s insight into his offending and what it might mean in terms of his fitness to practise.  Nor were they satisfied there was no risk of future lapses in judgement or behaviour.  Ultimately, as has been foreshadowed, the application was referred on to the Law Society’s Practice Approval Committee.  In considering the application the Committee had before it Mr Stanley’s response to the notes of his interview.  In this response Mr Stanley described his remorse.
[60]	The application was considered at a meeting of the Committee on 18 July 2017 and declined.  A letter of 20 July 2017 from the secretary to Mr Stanley setting out the decision explained the Committee’s concerns.  The letter referred to the following: Mr Stanley’s focus on the reasons he was caught rather than the fact of the offending; his age at the time of the last three offences; the most recent offence occurred after Mr Stanley had finished his law degree; and his very poor driving history.  All in all, the Committee saw Mr Stanley as lacking in insight to his offending and in judgement.
[61]	Mr Stanley responded by letter of 3 August 2017 stating it was clear he had made mistakes in interpreting the questions.  He apologised and requested a reassessment of his application.  After some further communications, in the course of which Mr Stanley was advised to seek legal advice, the application to the High Court was filed on 22 November 2017.
The judgments in the Courts below 
The High Court 
[62]	The High Court heard evidence from Mr Stanley.  In evidence in the High Court, Mr Stanley accepted that there may have been an alcohol problem “at some stage”.  He said he had questioned the early stages of what was “maybe a dependency” himself although that was never confirmed.  He described his zero tolerance for drinking and driving.  He also said he had not had a drink over the last four years other than one glass as a toast at his son’s wedding in May 2017.  
[63]	The Judge’s conclusion was that there was not sufficient evidence of a change in character or of reformation such that the Judge could be satisfied that Mr Stanley was a fit and proper person.  While the High Court accepted Mr Stanley was sincere in his intention not to drink and drive again, the Judge did not consider that “the frailty revealed by his drink driving convictions [is] spent and can safely be ignored”.  Nor did the Judge see Mr Stanley’s most recent conviction, that in 2014, as involving “a lapse which can be relegated to the past”.  In reaching these views, the Judge took into account what her Honour saw as Mr Stanley’s tendency to blame others for what had occurred and his dismissive responses to questions in the hearing about his offending.
[64]	The Judge’s approach is summarised in the following excerpt:
[65]	Mr Stanley has not established he is a reformed person.  I have found his assertions of reform to be unpersuasive.  Mr Stanley resists any suggestion he may have an alcohol problem yet points to his self-imposed abstinence as being the substantial step which demonstrates there will be no further offending.  Mr Stanley proposes to rely only on willpower and self-discipline when, manifestly, this has consistently failed him over a period of decades including into mature adulthood.  I accept Mr Collins’ submission that the peril for the legal profession is that Mr Stanley will reoffend and bring the profession into disrepute.  Further, I hold the view that the public generally, and members of the profession, would not regard Mr Stanley as a person of such integrity, probity and trustworthiness as to be a suitable candidate for admission.
(footnote omitted)
The Court of Appeal 
[65]	The Court of Appeal accepted that there was a doubt as to Mr Stanley never again offending by driving unlawfully having drunk alcohol, but concluded that Mr Stanley was nonetheless a fit and proper person.  In reaching that conclusion the Court said that the High Court put too much emphasis on the risk of reoffending and did not consider Mr Stanley’s position in the round.  The Court noted first, Mr Stanley’s conviction did not go “directly to fitness to practi[s]e as a lawyer”.  Second, Mr Stanley was a person of good character, having “lived a productive life and pursued a career as an insurance broker”.  He was a person who had continued to contribute to the community.
[66]	The Court did not consider the risk of drink driving again meant Mr Stanley would not meet the fundamental obligations in s 4 of the Act.  Nor was the Court convinced reoffending would bring the profession into disrepute given the Law Society does not “commonly remove practising certificates from lawyers who incur drink driving convictions”.  The Court said that Mr Stanley was “entitled to be treated more liberally” than someone already in practice.
[67]	In summary, the Court said this:
[53]	In the round, Mr Stanley is a 65-year-old who has acquired four convictions for drink driving in the period 1978 to 2014.  He is of good character and he continues to contribute to society, particularly through his church.  He has, as more than one of his referees attests, a commitment to fairness and justice.  His attitude to his offending does not show the wholesale reform which led the Courts in Owen[] and Burgess,[] in circumstances where the offending in question was prima facie disqualifying, to grant admission.  However, he does have a genuine commitment not to reoffend and were he to reoffend similarly that would not create a meaningful risk of his bringing the profession into disrepute.  There is no reason to suspect that, if admitted, Mr Stanley would not comply with the fundamental obligations of a lawyer. 
Our assessment
[68]	The detail of the submissions from the parties is addressed in the discussion which follows.  To put that discussion in context, the essence of the Law Society’s case can be stated shortly.  The primary submission is that Mr Stanley’s convictions remained relevant when combined with his lack of insight and relationship with alcohol and that the Court of Appeal was wrong to ignore the resultant risk of further offending with its inevitable consequences for professional discipline.  The Law Society also submits that the Court of Appeal “set the bar too low” in terms of the fit and proper person standard.  In response, Mr Stanley says that the Court of Appeal was correct to conclude that the frailties of character represented by his previous offending could now be safely ignored, particularly when his character was viewed in the round.  
[69]	In assessing the relevance of the previous convictions, a number of points can be made.  The first point relates to the nature of the offending.  Although obviously conduct which is of concern, the Court of Appeal was right to say that the offending is not of the character that has a direct connection with legal practice.  Nor was there a suggestion of a lack of candour given Mr Stanley’s full disclosure and cooperation with the Law Society’s requests for further information.  
[70]	Next, in terms of the time that has elapsed and Mr Stanley’s age at the relevant times, some weight could be placed on the fact that the primary offending is dated.  Simply to illustrate the point, if the matter is viewed from the date of this Court’s judgment, the first drink driving conviction was some 42 years ago, and the second and third were over 18 and 12 years ago respectively.  The Court could also take some confidence from the gap since the last offence, which occurred in June 2013 and for which Mr Stanley was convicted in May 2014.  While the Clean Slate legislation does not yet apply to Mr Stanley, as it only applies seven years after the date of his last sentence, it is of some relevance that Mr Stanley would be entitled to the protections in that Act from 9 May 2021.
[71]	In addition, on the evidence before it, the Court of Appeal was correct to say that the offending was “not at the serious end of the range of drink driving”.  In terms of the 2002 conviction, Mr Stanley said he had not drunk alcohol but had been taking “hospital linctus” for pain relief that day.  The High Court said of this occasion that “Mr Stanley appeared in person and satisfied the Judge he had no knowledge of the alcohol content and was convicted without loss of licen[c]e”.  Mr Stanley was not disqualified from driving for the 2002 and 2007 convictions.  In terms of the latter conviction, it has to be noted that his criminal history records he was not disqualified from driving because of special circumstances.  He was not imprisoned for the 2014 conviction.  
[72]	We accept that in questioning the sense in which Mr Stanley’s offending was a failure to uphold the rule of law, there is some force in the Law Society’s submission that the Court of Appeal thereby understated the seriousness of excess breath/blood alcohol offending and this had the effect of downplaying the importance of the obligation on lawyers to uphold the rule of law.  The relevant aspect of the rule of law is that no one is above the law.  Mr Stanley can be seen in respect of his convictions as having acted as though different rules applied to him, albeit this was not premeditated offending.  Moreover the context is of conduct, drink driving, which is not now tolerated and which is inherently dangerous.  
[73]	It is also fair to say, as the High Court found of Mr Stanley’s attitude, that the explanations Mr Stanley gave for his offending tended to avoid an acceptance of his own responsibility for what had occurred.  For example, in his letter of 11 May 2017 he referred to the high level of “scrutiny” to policing of excess breath/blood alcohol in the Hutt Valley area and he attributed his 2014 conviction to a failure to consider metabolism after drinking some wine at lunch with a friend.  The Judge was obviously concerned about this lack of insight. 
[74]	Against this background, given both the number of alcohol-related offences and his insistence that any problem with alcohol was, at the most, incipient, Mr Stanley should have provided the High Court with evidence from an appropriately qualified expert as to his relationship with alcohol.  That said, we do not accept the Law Society’s submission that the Court of Appeal set the bar too low in accepting Mr Stanley’s assurances of reform.  These issues all had to be assessed in the round.
[75]	In terms of that assessment, in addition to the matters referred to above about the nature of the offending, it is relevant that the sincerity of Mr Stanley’s commitment to reform was accepted by both of the Courts below.  Mr Stanley explained he now had a self‑imposed “zero tolerance” on drinking and driving and had decided his health was more important.  He also appears to have at least realised that he had not put his best foot forward in his responses, noting he “probably [had not] used the right words”.  Furthermore, as discussed above, the Court can take some confidence in the sincerity of Mr Stanley’s assurances given the gap of almost seven years since he last offended in this manner.  In addition, there were other features of good character identified by the Court of Appeal which were attested to by his four referees, all of whom were aware of his criminal history.  Mr Stanley had maintained a career in the insurance business and led a productive life having made, and continuing to make, contributions to the community.
[76]	The latter point is also relevant to the response to the Law Society’s submission that the Court of Appeal should not have substituted its views for those of the High Court Judge.  We consider that the Court of Appeal was entitled to conclude that the Judge had applied too exacting a test.  That was because of the focus on the aspect that suggested bad character, being the previous convictions and Mr Stanley’s approach to those.  The fact that Mr Stanley was otherwise of good character was a part of the equation but, in all of the circumstances, too much weight was given to the one bad feature.  
[77]	It is necessary next to address the Law Society’s submission relating to the risk of reoffending.  The submission is that the Court of Appeal could not find that Mr Stanley’s previous convictions were no longer relevant when the Court acknowledged there was a risk that Mr Stanley would reoffend.  The Law Society says that the Court’s finding that there was “prima facie doubt as to whether Mr Stanley is reformed” was inconsistent with the Court’s ultimate decision that Mr Stanley was a fit and proper person.
[78]	The first point to note is that the Court did not consider that the risk of Mr Stanley reoffending was high given he was genuinely committed to reform.  But the Court correctly acknowledged that risk could not reasonably be excluded.  Where there are other factors to put into the mix it is not necessarily inconsistent to conclude that, although the risk was not one that could be discounted, Mr Stanley was a fit and proper person.
[79]	The comparison with the way in which lawyers who offend in a similar way post‑admission are treated, a factor also considered by the Court of Appeal, is relevant in this context.  It is particularly relevant to the Law Society’s submission that the risk of future offending meant Mr Stanley would be likely to engage professional discipline and cause damage to the reputation of the profession.  
[80]	Of course the analogy between admission and the disciplinary context is not entirely apt.  In the case of offending whilst in practice, the disciplinary body has a number of options.  For example, ongoing practice may be permitted but subject to conditions as to practice.  By contrast, in New Zealand, at the admission stage, the applicant for admission is either admitted or not admitted.  Further, in the disciplinary context, references are often made to the desirability of adopting “the least restrictive outcome”, which may mean suspension rather than strike-off is preferred.  Again, that factor is not a feature of the decision whether or not the fit and proper person standard is met prior to admission.
[81]	However, the way in which such offending is treated in the disciplinary context is nonetheless of some relevance in assessing the risks of admission.  That is because compliance with the fit and proper person standard is a factor in both contexts.  The reality is that quite serious offending of this type, even where combined with other aggravating factors such as obstruction of the police and dishonest conduct, has not in fact been treated as requiring striking off.  
[82]	The parties provided the Court with five cases dealt with by the New Zealand Lawyers and Conveyancers Disciplinary Tribunal (the Tribunal) involving excess breath/blood alcohol offences.  We have also considered Otago Standards Committee v Copland, another more recent excess breath alcohol authority; and Auckland Standards Committee 1 v Ravelich, a slightly older excess breath/blood alcohol case which is referred to in some of the recent cases. 
[83]	In all of these cases apart from Copland, the relevant offending included drink driving where there had been a history of multiple instances of drink driving.  In one case, for example, the practitioner had been convicted of an excess breath alcohol offence in 2011, and had two previous convictions: one for an excess breath alcohol offence in 2007 and one for excess blood alcohol in 2002.  The 2007 and 2011 convictions were post-admission.  Subsequently, in 2012, the practitioner was convicted for resisting a police officer and obstructing another police officer, and in 2011 had also been abusive towards officers.  Mr Copland had been convicted of an excess breath alcohol offence in July 2018 and then, in September 2018, had been convicted for driving whilst disqualified.  In all but two of these cases the practitioner was suspended for varying periods ranging from two years plus censure to two months plus censure and costs.  Mr Rohde and Mr Copland were not suspended but were censured, fined and ordered to pay costs. 
[84]	It is the case that in reaching the view that the penalty imposed was the appropriate penalty rather than strike-off, the fact that the practitioner had taken steps towards rehabilitation was, generally, an important factor in these cases.  Rohde provides a good illustration.  Mr Rohde admitted a disciplinary charge of being convicted for offences reflecting on his fitness to practise or tending to bring the profession into disrepute.  The three convictions were excess breath alcohol convictions in May 2014 and September 2015, and a dangerous driving conviction in September 2015.  Mr Rohde had very promptly begun attending Alcoholics Anonymous meetings, filed an affidavit annexing a number of references expressing confidence in his recovery from addiction, and was in constant contact with his sponsor.  In deciding that it was not necessary to suspend Mr Rohde, the Tribunal observed that his evidence of rehabilitation provided “strong mitigating features” and that “the steps he ha[d] taken to safeguard his sobriety [were] a sufficient safety net” such that the public, as consumers, did not need to be directly protected from him.
[85]	Although there are distinctions to be made between these disciplinary proceedings and the present case, these cases indicate at the least that a practitioner convicted of drink driving can remain on the roll, albeit a need for further reformation has generally been recognised.  And, as discussed, an applicant for admission is entitled to be treated more liberally than a practitioner.
[86]	In conclusion, viewed in the round, the Court of Appeal was correct to conclude that the concerns reflected in Mr Stanley’s convictions and the inadequacy of his responses to questions about them were not a controlling factor.  On this basis, given his otherwise good character, the Court of Appeal did not err in determining that Mr Stanley met the standard for admission.
Effect of admission
[87]	On our approach, it is not necessary to consider the effect of the fact that Mr Stanley has already been admitted.  But in any event we doubt that, absent some more recent disqualifying conduct on Mr Stanley’s part, the Court of Appeal was correct to suggest in the judgment declining a stay that ss 266 and 267 of the Act would provide a basis for striking Mr Stanley’s name from the roll.  Our reasons can be expressed briefly.  
[88]	The Court of Appeal declined the stay on the basis that the balance of convenience fell against granting a stay.  The Court said this:
First, Mr Stanley’s ability to earn a living as an admitted lawyer is the most powerful factor.  Second, and also cogent, is the fact that refusing a stay will not render the Society’s appeal nugatory.  Third, Mr Stanley would be admitted knowing full well that he may face an application to have his name removed from the roll if the Society’s appeal ultimately succeeds.  So he opposes a stay knowing of the potential implications of his being admitted at this stage.  Further, he could avoid any public stigma by consenting to his name being removed, should the Society ultimately succeed on appeal.
[89]	The reason for the Court’s view that granting a stay would not render the Law Society’s appeal to this Court nugatory rested on two possibilities.  The Court said that the Law Society could take steps to have Mr Stanley’s name removed either by consent under s 60 of the Act or by order of the Court under ss 266 and 267(1) of the Act. 
[90]	Section 60(1) provides for any person, with the prior consent of the Council of the Law Society, to request the Registrar to remove his or her name from the roll.  Under s 60(3), if the Registrar is satisfied that the necessary consent has been given, the Registrar must remove the person’s name from the roll.  This avenue is not open whilst Mr Stanley does not consent to removal.  
[91]	Section 266 provides that on application to the High Court, a person’s name “may be struck off the roll for reasonable cause, whenever and wherever it arises, in accordance with section 267”.  
[92]	Section 267 sets out the powers of the High Court when such an application is made.  Section 267(1) provides for the following:
(a)	the High Court may, if it thinks fit, dismiss the application; or
(b)	if the High Court is of the opinion that the application ought to be granted, or that it is doubtful whether the application ought to be dismissed or granted, the High Court must reserve the case for the consideration of the Court of Appeal.
[93]	Where a case is reserved in this way for the consideration of the Court of Appeal, s 267(2) provides that the High Court:
(a)	must cause the application and all affidavits made in support of the application, and all other proceedings, to be sent forthwith to the Registrar of the Court of Appeal; and
(b)	may order that the person enrolled be suspended from practice as a barrister or as a solicitor or as both until the decision of the Court of Appeal on the application is given.
[94]	The Court of Appeal must then consider the application, as soon as practicable, and grant or dismiss it.  It may also make such other order in relation to the application as it thinks fit.
[95]	As is apparent from this description, the Court under these sections can only strike off for “reasonable cause”.  The Law Society submits that a judgment of this Court allowing the appeal to the effect that Mr Stanley was not a fit and proper person to be admitted would constitute “reasonable cause” under s 266.    
[96]	Section 266 refers to reasonable cause “whenever and wherever” that arises.  However, even that expansive wording seems inapt to apply to Mr Stanley’s case.  That is because Mr Stanley’s name was properly placed on the roll in accordance with the Court of Appeal judgment.  This was not a case where, for example, admission was obtained on a false or fraudulent basis.  A contrast can be made with the position in New Zealand Law Society v Mitchell.  Mr Mitchell was struck off the roll under s 266 on the basis that he was not a fit and proper person to be on the roll.  Between 1989 and 1994, he had been convicted of 39 criminal offences covering a range of offending.  He had not disclosed these convictions either at the time of his application for admission and nor, later, when applying for a practising certificate over several years.  The High Court was not satisfied that the Society’s application for strike-off should be dismissed so the matter was referred to the Court of Appeal.  The Court of Appeal concluded Mr Mitchell’s conduct fell short of the standard given that he had “deliberately concealed his convictions on a number of occasions, right up to denying the convictions related to him when the list was put before him”.
[97]	In addition, reference should be made to s 41 of the Act.  That section relevantly provides that the Society may refuse to issue a practising certificate “on the ground that the person is not a fit and proper person to hold a practising certificate”.  In determining whether a person is fit and proper to hold a practising certificate, the Law Society may consider any of the matters listed in s 55.  However, s 41 does not assist in the present case.  The Law Society accepts that the inquiry relating to a practising certificate is as to present matters, so it could only be denied here if there was some disqualifying conduct since admission.  
[98]	Finally, the position is not altered by the fact that Mr Stanley opposed the application for a stay knowing that he might face an application to have his name removed.  That fact cannot change the position, which is that Mr Stanley’s name was properly entered on the roll.  If the Law Society wanted to preserve the position, an application for a stay should have been made to this Court.
Result
[99]	For these reasons, in accordance with the view of the majority, the appeal is dismissed.
[100]	We did not hear from the parties on costs.  Unless the parties are able to agree on costs, we seek submissions on that issue.  Submissions for Mr Stanley should be filed and served by 27 August 2020.  Submissions from the Law Society should be filed by 10 September 2020 and reply submissions from Mr Stanley should be filed by 16 September 2020.  We reserve costs.

WINKELMANN CJ AND GLAZEBROOK J 
(Given by Glazebrook J)
Summary
[101]	We would have allowed the appeal.  We consider the High Court was correct to hold that Mr Stanley was not a fit and proper person to be admitted as a barrister and solicitor of the High Court.  
[102]	Driving while impaired due to alcohol is inherently dangerous and can cause serious injury and death.  It is thus very serious offending.  Multiple drink driving convictions would in many cases signal either a drinking problem, a contempt for the law, or both.  In our view, both directly affect a person’s ability to practise as a lawyer.  There must be a risk that a drinking problem could adversely affect a lawyer’s judgement and thus their ability to serve their clients competently.  Contempt for the law raises serious questions as to a lawyer’s ability to fulfil their fundamental obligation to uphold and promote the rule of law.
[103]	In this case, Mr Stanley had multiple drink driving convictions over a long period, including one following the completion of his law degree.  We accept that Mr Stanley did express regret for his offending but he continued, even before the High Court, to minimise the seriousness of his offending.  He admitted he may have had an alcohol problem but asserted that he had largely stopped drinking.  He did not, however, provide any evidence of an independent alcohol assessment or of having undertaken any treatment. 
[104]	In our view, the High Court was right to consider that the effect of Mr Stanley’s latest conviction (in 2014) could not be considered “spent” and thus that it could not safely be ignored.  That conviction has to be seen in the context of Mr Stanley’s long history of drink driving, the possibility of an untreated drinking problem and the minimisation of his offending.
The test
[105]	We are in general agreement with the majority’s discussion of the principles to be applied, including the importance of rehabilitation and insight into the offending.  
[106]	The majority update the language of whether the effect of a conviction is “spent” to a question of whether the conviction remains relevant to whether the applicant meets the fit and proper person standard at the time of the current inquiry.  We accept updating the language is appropriate. 
[107]	We agree with the majority that not a great deal can be drawn from the authorities on drink driving offending.  We do, however, make the following comments on Ziems v The Prothonotary of the Supreme Court of New South Wales, a case which illustrates the serious consequences that can arise if a person drives while impaired.  It seems to have been accepted in that case that the offending was an isolated incident and did not warrant any conclusion as to the barrister’s general behaviour or inherent qualities.  If that was truly the case (in other words, if the offending was not indicative of a drinking problem or a contempt for the law), Kitto J’s comment that it had “neither connexion with nor significance for any professional function” might be understandable.  
[108]	As noted above, however, we consider that drink driving is directly related to “professional function” where there are multiple convictions or other indications that can be seen as indicative of a wider drinking problem or a contempt for the law.  
Factors taken into account by the majority
[109]	We reiterate that we disagree with the majority’s view that the Court of Appeal was right to say that Mr Stanley’s offending is not of the type that has a direct connection with fitness to practise as a lawyer.  
[110]	We agree that there was no lack of candour on Mr Stanley’s part.  We do not, however, consider it of much relevance that the Criminal Records (Clean State) Act 2004, assuming no further convictions, would apply from 9 May 2021.  That time has not yet arrived.
[111]	We would agree that, had Mr Stanley shown insight into his offending and provided an expert report on his possible drinking problem, the time that had lapsed since the 2014 conviction should be given weight.  We would, however, see Mr Stanley’s age as counting against him.  These drink driving offences were committed as a mature man.  None of them can be explained away as “false steps of youth”.
[112]	Further, because driving while impaired is inherently dangerous, in our view multiple drink driving convictions should always be treated as very serious offending for the purpose of admission and professional disciplinary decisions, even where they are “not at the serious end of the range of drink driving”.  
[113]	We agree with the majority’s comments that Mr Stanley can be seen as acting as though different rules applied to him.  We also agree with the comments about Mr Stanley’s minimisation of his offending and that he should have provided the High Court with evidence from an appropriately qualified expert as to his relationship with alcohol.  Contrary to the view of the majority, however, we see the lack of an expert report as fatal to Mr Stanley’s case.
[114]	We would accept the Law Society’s submission that the Court of Appeal set the bar too low in accepting Mr Stanley’s assurances of reform.  We also accept the submission that this was a case where the High Court Judge, having seen and heard Mr Stanley, had a major advantage over the Court of Appeal and that the Court of Appeal should have exercised caution in coming to a different view.  
[115]	We accept that Mr Stanley has indicated a commitment to reform and says he has given up drinking altogether for health reasons.  Absent an expert report, however, there was nothing other than assertions from Mr Stanley about having stopped drinking and thus that he was a reformed character.  In our view, assertions were not sufficient for the Court of Appeal legitimately to have concluded that Mr Stanley’s risk of reoffending was not high.  This is particularly in light of his minimisation of his past offending. 
[116]	The effect of Mr Stanley’s convictions remains relevant.  It is therefore of no moment if he is otherwise of good character.  In our view, the High Court did not give too much weight to one bad feature.  The Court was assessing whether the drink driving convictions remain relevant.
[117]	In terms of the comparison with lawyers in the disciplinary context, it seems to us that the decisions that the majority discusses may not have sufficiently taken into account the inherently dangerous nature of drink driving and the change both in public and legislative attitude to how drink driving is viewed.  
[118]	The emphasis on rehabilitation in those decisions was, however, appropriate.  It is important to stress that, while we are of the view that Mr Stanley was not a fit and proper person to be admitted as a barrister and solicitor at the time of the High Court hearing, this does not mean he could never be admitted.  He would need to supply an expert report, complete any treatment recommended and provide independent and cogent evidence that he has given up drinking.  This can be seen as analogous with the periods of suspension imposed in the disciplinary cases discussed in the majority reasons. 
Effect of Mr Stanley’s admission 
[119]	In terms of the effect of Mr Stanley’s admission and the failure of the Law Society to ask this Court for a stay, we agree with the majority that ss 266 and 267 of the Lawyers and Conveyancers Act 2006 would not provide a basis for striking Mr Stanley off the roll (even had our view prevailed).  We also agree that it does not make a difference that Mr Stanley knew he might face an application to have his name removed from the roll at the time of the stay application.  
[120]	We are less sure about the majority’s statement that s 41 of the Lawyers and Conveyancers Act would not assist.  Section 41(1) provides that the Law Society may refuse to issue an annual practising certificate on the ground that the person is not a fit and proper person to hold a practising certificate.  Even if this section is confined to current matters, assuming Mr Stanley did not provide evidence of rehabilitation, then his convictions would still be relevant to his character and his current ongoing ability to practise law.  But, as our view has not prevailed, it is not necessary to come to a definitive conclusion on this point. 
Result
[121]	We would have allowed the appeal.

Solicitors:
S L Inder, New Zealand Law Society, Wellington for Appellant
Main Street Legal Ltd, Upper Hutt for Respondent